The It Industries Contribution To Virtually Every Major Global Industry Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2132 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Information technology plays an integral part of virtually every major global industry, which has emerged as a prime global source of growth and employment. IT industry has become one of the most vigorous industries in the world due to increased productivity worldwide, especially in the developed countries. Owing to its extensiveness and easy accessibility as well as wide range of IT products available, the demand for IT services has become persistent both from consumers and businesses, contributing to this sectors rapid growth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The It Industries Contribution To Virtually Every Major Global Industry Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Both software development and the hardware involved in the IT industry include everything from computer systems, to the design, implementation, study and development of IT and management systems. Unlike other common industries, the IT sector is knowledge based. The IT industry assists other sectors in the growth process of the economy including the services and manufacturing sectors. This report will concentrate on two potential competitors in the personal computer industry, Hewlett-Packard and Dell Inc. Hewlett-Packard is a global technology company, ranking 20 in the Fortune 500 list. Company has set up business in over 170 countries either developing or under-developed. The company is also taking an active role in increasing the volumes of sales in new markets worldwide, engaging with other multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations to reinforce the competitiveness on the local market and on international arena through policies and strategies that can supp ort free-market economies. This is one of the reasons that makes HP a leading technology company in the growing IT markets (HP Annual Report, 2003). Dell Inc. tenders a variety of product categories including desktop PCs. Dell listens to customers and sells its products directly to customers through sales representatives, telephone based sales and via range of indirect sales channels. Dell can boast as number one supplier of PC systems in the US, and number two worldwide. Primary business strategy that Dell employs explicitly focuses on customer model, highly efficient manufacturing and logistics as well as relevant technologies and solutions. By expanding this strategy through adding new distribution channels, Dell intends to acquire more commercial customers all over the globe. (Dell Annual Report,2008) Industry Analysis Number of Companies within the Industry: Dell The worlds leading direct-sale computer retailer provides a wide range of computer and entertainment products for consumers and enterprise markets. HP HPs Personal Systems Group (PSG) markets desktop and notebook PCs to consumer, businesses, government agencies, and schools. Toshiba was the worlds fifth largest personal computer vendor in 2009 Apple Once the worlds top PC maker, Apple Computer has been relegated to niche status in a market dominated by Wintel machines (computers using Microsoft Windows software and Intel processors). Scale Economies: There are two distinct economies operating between the actual company and the markets along with most giant enterprises. The distinct economies are divided into internal and external. Internal: Tech Economy, Managerial Economy, Financial Economy, Marketing Economy, Research Development External: These features of scale economies involve distribution centres and retailers. For instance, Sony, HP or Apple fabricate computers, whereas retailers organize computer deliveries to the consumer. Dell is an exception, which has surpassed in the practice of delivering computers right to the door of their customers home. Learning Experience Effect: The maturity of computer industry has achieved and is likely to be further sustained, owing to the fact that in most developed countries computers can be found in virtually all homes with connection to the internet. Whats more, students all over the world are taught in schools how to operate computers and competency is set to increase. However, there are still those who find it hard to adapt to new applications and manage with basic operations such as installing drivers or simply connecting a monitor. Support is considered to be the most common complaint among customers in the industry. Dell is again an exception. It receives great rewards form highly efficient customer service relationship. Nevertheless, the complaints are few due to the reliability of personal computers. Capital Requirements: The owners equity required to embark and compete with already recognized names in the computer industry is outrageous. A single fact of HP spending 3.9 billion dollars on research and development last year alone suggests that a person thinks twice about engaging in the industry. Recent applications and innovations have been introduced by the huge companies; do not leave a chance to new-comers to compete. On top of that, powerful brand name products that are manufactured by Dell, HP and Apple have become truly accepted by many households. Nevertheless, being technologically savvy and having an ability to create sorts of unique features can help an individual to sell the ideas to the existing large companies. This might be the most appropriate situation for those who seek profits from the PC business. Industry Profitability: The fact remains that the PC industry doesnt produce only PCs. Every company that creates PCs also has its hand in other industries and markets. An important question to ask is how profitable is the industry. And the answer is billions upon billions upon billions of dollars. The industry is constantly redefining itself as well as every other business on the world due to its deep routes within every industry. As for what company ranks the highest in profit at the moment is Apple, but the numbers are skewed due to other hardware Apple provides. The industry is extremely competitive and profitable. Forces: Suppliers Intel and Microsoft are the two most dominate suppliers in the PC industry. Suppliers: Intels microprocessor chips are used in approximately 80% of personal computers. Microsoft operating systems are used in 90% of computers, giving it substantial bargaining power. Given that Microsoft and Intel control the majority of the PC supplier market of major component parts, the business world has named the two Wintel. Buyers: The strength of the PC buyer has basically evolved from the personal computer becoming a commodity-like item. Backward integration is also a factor in the strengthening of the PC buyers bargaining Power because more and more people are building their own computer systems. Rivalry Among Existing Firms: The competition in the personal computer industry is also an industry that resembles follow the leader. Follow the leader occurs when industry leaders are imitated by competitors; and those competitors that do not follow will fall off by the wayside. Price Wars: Ex. In 1999 the average PC cost $ 1,699. Now the average price of a PC is under a thousand dollars. Threat of New Entrants/Stakeholders The chances of a new PC vendor entering into the market and gaining significant market share is pretty slim, entry barriers are higher now than they ever have been. Two of those entry barriers that are making entry into the PC market so tough are cost and distribution. Concentrated: it is estimated by analysts that in the near future the top 5 vendors may control 70% of the global personal computer market. 5. Stakeholders: Environmentalists and E-waste are the major stakeholders for the PC industry; the dumping of high-tech trash like computers in landfills. Hewlett-Packard, IBM and Dell have recently started up a computer recycle program, recycling in all computer brands for a small fee Competitor Analysis of PC Manufacturers: Dell Inc: Risk factors: There are a host of risk factors that impact adversely on the business. The following are defined as some of the most important ones: Deterioration in global economic situation and financial markets insecurity could harm the business and lead to reduced net revenue and profitability. Deterioration in global economic situation and financial markets insecurity could harm financial services activities. The strong competition which is faced may have negative impact on the market share, profitability and revenue. Weakening in infrastructure failures and breaches in data security could deteriorate the business. Failure of effective product management and services transitions could result in reduced demand for the products and the profitability of operations. Net Revenue: Net revenue remained flat year-over-year at $61.1 billion. During Fiscal 2009, the global commercial revenue decreased by 2% year-over-year while unit shipment remained flat over the second half of Fiscal 2009. Operating income: Operating income declined by 7% to $3.2 billion in 2009. The decrease was particularly caused by a shift in product mix that ended in lower selling prices. Net Income: For the year 2009, net income went down 16% to reach $2.5 billion. This was affected by a 7% fall in operating income, a 65% in investment and other income, and a rise in effective tax rate from 23.0% to 25.4% Gross Margin: January 30, 2009 February 1, 2008 Dollars Revenue Change Dollars Revenue Change (in millions, except percentages) Net revenue $61.101 100% (0%) $61.133 100% 6% Gross margin $10.957 17.9% (6%) $11.671 19.1% 23% Source: Dell Annual Report (2009) Hewlett-Packard: Net Revenue: The components of the weighted net revenue change between 2008 and 2009 were as follows: Net revenue of $114.6 billion in 2009 2009 2008 Percentage Points Personal Systems Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (5.9) 5.6 Imaging and Printing Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4.7) 1.0 Enterprise Storage and Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.4) 0.7 HP Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (0.6) 0.6 Corporate Investments/Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (0.2) (0.2) HP Financial Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.6 5.4 Total HP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (3.2) 13.5 Source: HP Annual Report (2009) GAAP operating profit of $10.1 billion GAAP diluted earnings per share of $3.14 Gross Margin: Total gross margin of the company declined by 0.6 percentage points in 2009 compared to 2008. On a weighted basis, ESS had the biggest impact to the total gross margin decline. Apple: Net Sales: increased $4.1 billion or 12% in 2009 compared to 2008. The following factors contributed positively to this increase: 1. This growth is attributed mainly to augmented distribution and strong demand for iPhones. iPhone revenue together with net sales of related products and services made up $6.8 billion in 2009 (a rise of $4.9 billion or 266% compared with the previous year) 2. Net sales of other music-related products and services went up $696 million or 21% over 2009 compared to 2008. 3. Net sales of Mac plunged 3% during 2009 as opposed to 2008, though Mac unit sales rose by 7% over the same period. Net sales per Mac unit sold went down by 10% during 2009, mainly owing to lower average selling prices across all Mac portable and desktop systems and a stronger U.S. dollar. Net sales of Macs comprised 38% of the Companys total net sales for 2009. 4. iPod net sales declined $1.1 billion or 12% in 2009. iPod unit sales went down slightly by 1%, while net sales per iPod unit sold decreased 11% to $149. Gross margin: The gross margin percentage rose by 1.7% between 2008 and 2009 (34.3% against 36.0% respectively). The primary drivers of the increase in 2009 were considerably lower commodity and other product costs. 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¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.. 11.4% 11.6% Earning per common share: Numerator: Net income ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ $5.704 $4.834 Denominator: Weighted-average shares outstanding ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ'à ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ .893,016 881.592 Effect of dilutive securities ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ 13.989 20.547 Weighted-average shares diluted ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ'à ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦..907.005 902.139 Basic earnings per common share ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦$6.39 $5.48 Dilute d earnings per common share ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.. $6.29 $5.36 Source: Apple Annual Report (2009) Chapter Two: Financial Analysis Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis PROFITABILITY: Return on Ordinary Shareholders Funds ROSF = Net profit after taxation and preference dividend (if any) x 100 Average ordinary share capital + reserves Return on Total Assets ROA = Net profit before interest and taxation x 100 Average total assets Return on Capital Employed ROCE = Net profit before interest and taxation x 100 Average Share capital + Long-term loans Net Profit Margin NPM = Net profit before interest and taxation x 100 Sales Gross Profit Margin GPM = Gross profit x 100 Sales EFFECIENCY: Average Inventory Turnover Period Inventory turnover period = Average inventory held x 365 Cost of sales Average Settlement Period for Accounts receivable (debtors) Average settlement period = Average trade debtors x 365 Credit sales Average Settlement Period for Accounts Payable (creditors) Average settlement period = Average trade creditors x 365 Credit purchases Asset Turnover Period Average asset turnover period = Average total assets employed x 365 Sales LIQUIDITY: Current Ratio Current ratio = Current assets Current liabilities Acid Test or Quick Ratio Acid test or Quick ratio = Current assets (excluding inventory and prepayments) Current liabilities Cash Flows from Operations Ratio Cash flows from operations ratio = Operating cash flows Current liabilities FINANCIAL GEARING (LEVERAGE): Gearing Ratio Gearing ratio = Long-term liabilities x 100 Share capital + Reserves + Long-term liabilities Interest Cover Ratio (times interest earned) Interest cover ratio = Profit before interest and taxation Interest expense DELL Inc.: Financial Year 2009 Profitability Ratio FY 2009 Return on Shareholders Fund 61.9% Return on Total Assets 11.8% Return on Capital Employed 62.1% Net Profit Margin 5.2% Gross Profit Margin 17.9% Efficiency Ratio Average Inventory Turnover Period 7 days (to nearest day) Average Settlement Period for Accounts Receivable 32 days (to nearest day) Average Settlement Period for Accounts Payable 465 days (to nearest day) Asset Turnover Period 161 days (to nearest day) Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio 1.3 times Quick Ratio 1.2 times Cash Flow from Operations Ratio 0.1 times Financial Gearing Gearing Ratio 63.3% Interest Cover Ratio   23.8 times HEWLETT PACKARD Co.: Financial Year 2009 Prodigality Ratio FY 2009 Return on Shareholders Fund 19.2% Return on Total Assets 8.8% Return on Capital Employed 20% Net Profit Margin 8.8% Gross Profit Margin 23.8% Efficiency Ratio Average Inventory Turnover Period 59 days (to nearest day) Average Settlement Period for Accounts Receivable 53 days (to nearest day) Average Settlement Period for Accounts Payable 52 days (to nearest day) Asset Turnover Period 363 days (to nearest day) Liquidity Ratio Current Ratio 1.2 times Quick Ratio 1 times Cash Flow from Operations Ratio 0.3 times Financial Gearing Gearing Ratio 43.5% Interest Cover Ratio 14 times References:

Public Presence Of Prostitution Public Stigma And Moral...

Public Presence of Prostitution The public stigma and moral taint associated with sex works, makes the location and public presence of sex work heavily disputed. When first introduced, concerns were raised regarding whether acknowledging sex work as a legal occupation would increase the number of sex workers (New Zealand Government 2012). Research, however, suggests that there has been no significant increase in the number of sex workers post-decriminalisation (Abel, Fitzgerald, Brunton 2007). Though it has not increased the number of sex workers, it has allowed the sex industry to step out of the shadows. Sex workers can now approach clients in public places as soliciting is no longer a criminal offense (Armstrong 2014). Though this is extremely beneficial for street worker who can now spend more time screening their clients (Armstrong 2014), it has not necessarily been to the public’s pleasing. Street workers still experience a significant amount of harassment by the public (Armstrong 2016). Brothels have also experienced some disputes regarding their locations. Between 2004 and 2011 there were 914 operators’ certificates granted in New Zealand (New Zealand Government 2012). The PRA itself does not place any limitations regarding the location of brothels but give territorial authorities power to make by-laws concerning the location of brothels (Abel 2014). There have been reported some cases where local authorities have attempted to severely limit the placement onShow MoreRelatedEssay on Legalisation of Prostitution in Queensland2521 Words   |  11 PagesOriginally derived from the Latin word situere, meaning to offer for sale, prostitution describes the offering and provision of sexual services for financial gain. Pickles, (n.d), further describes prostitution as the carrying on of a trade or business by a person who submits her/himself to another for gain or hire for the provision of sexual services. According to the Australian Institute of Family 2008, sex work is broadl y defined as the exchange of sexual services (including oral sex, vaginalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesTaboo No More?) †¢ New feature: glOBalization! †¢ New Myth or Science? (â€Å"We Are Better Judges of When Others Are Happy Than When They Are Sad†) †¢ Revised introduction to the topic †¢ Review of research on moods and employee attachment †¢ New section on â€Å"moral emotions† †¢ Discussion of emotion regulation strategies and their consequences †¢ New research on gender and emotions †¢ Updated content on emotional displays at work †¢ New section on Emotional Intelligence, with substantially more coverage and a new

Comparison between The Chrysalids and Brave New World free essay sample

In this essay I will compare two novels which deal with similar themes but in significantly different ways: â€Å"The Chrysalids†, a science fiction novel by John Wyndham published in 1955 and â€Å"Brave New World†, a novel by Aldous Huxley published in 1932. The story in â€Å"The Chrysalids† takes place thousands of years in the future in a rural society similar to our world before the invention of modern technology such as telephones, cars, etc. The people in the novel have vague memories of the Old People, a civilization which existed long ago and seems to be similar to our current technologically advanced world. The people in â€Å"The Chrysalids† practice a strict Christian religion with many constraints on what is considered acceptable behaviour. They believe that their ancestors’ civilization was destroyed by God as a punishment, and they must strictly apply God’s laws in order to avoid a similar punishment. The exact nature of God’s â€Å"punishment† is not explained, but there are indications that it was some kind of nuclear war. There are stories told by sailors of blackened, glassy wastes and the remains of faintly glowing cities. The people in the Chrysalids believe that deviations from what is considered â€Å"normal† (i. e. in plants, animals or humans) are the work of the Devil and must be destroyed. This means that human beings who are in any way different to the â€Å"norm† are either killed or sterilised and exiled to the â€Å"Fringes† – a wild area full of animal and plant mutations. The people in this society have little freedom, but there are cases where parents hide abnormalities in their children to protect them, thus reflecting what we would consider â€Å"normal† human feelings. The main character in the storey is David Strorm, a 10 year old boy whose father is a fanatical religious patriarch. David has frequent and vivid dreams of cities and â€Å"horseless carts† which are completely different to his experiences in his world. It soon becomes clear that David (and a few other children) have telepathic powers. They try to conceal their abilities because they know that such unusual abilities would be punished by their community, but eventually some of them are discovered. Like the Chrysalids, â€Å"Brave New World† is a science fiction novel set in the future (AD 2540 or 632 After Ford) and also provides a frightening vision of the future. However, unlike the Chrysalids, the world depicted in â€Å"Brave New World† is technologically advanced. The knowledge of reproductive technology, sleep-learning and psychological manipulation in the society portrayed by the novel greatly exceed current technology and scientific knowledge. Although the novel is set in the future it deals with issues which were relevant in the early 20th century and many of the novels characters are named after famous people (For example, the â€Å"god† in â€Å"Brave New World† is called Ford, and is easily recognized as being named after Henry Ford the inventor of the assembly line). These two novels are quite different, but they address similar themes – i. e. lack of personal freedoms that in our world we take for granted, authoritarian societies and frightening philosophies with the potential to dehumanize us. The society in the Chrysalids is frightening: punishments are violent and brutal and people who are â€Å"different† live in fear of being discovered. In contrast to this, the society in â€Å"Brae New World† appears relatively benign: the people are happy, and there is no need to control the population through violent means. However, in both books the central theme is a lack of freedom. In the Chrysalids (like the novel â€Å"1984† by George Orwell) the authorities enforce compliance with the rules of their society through repressive and sometimes violent means. However, in â€Å"Brave New World† the authorities have no need to enforce the rules (violently or otherwise) because in their society no-one questions the rules. The methods used in â€Å"the Chrysalids† to enforce compliance with the restrictive norms of society are familiar as there have been many repressive governments that have used these methods throughout human history. However, in â€Å"Brave New World† the society presented is more frightening in many ways because people are â€Å"designed† to be passive, content, and unquestioning. In â€Å"the Chrysalids†, people retain â€Å"internal† freedom (to think independently, question the norms of society and dream of a different reality if they are so inclined), but their behaviour is controlled by external forces (i. e. the power of the authorities). In contrast to this, in â€Å"Brave New World†, the people had been deprived of the â€Å"internal† freedom to question whether their society is the best possible. In The Chrysalids people are controlled by fear and violence which inflicts pain. In Brave New World people are controlled by an absence of pain or struggle, and an excess of pleasure and distractions. The primary themes in the Chrysalids are conflict and struggle, while in Brave New World; the main themes are conformity and complacency (with the exception of a few characters whose life experiences, or some mistake in their â€Å"creation†, makes them â€Å"different†). However, both novels warn us of the dangers of society attempting to restrict human ideas and freedom, and seeking to create a â€Å"perfect† society. The nature of human beings is to change and evolve. This is what gives humanity its creativity and endless capacity to rethink old problems and find new solutions.

Next Of Kin Essays (2882 words) - Roger Fouts, Washoe, Nim Chimpsky

Next Of Kin The next of kin a documentation of mind matter and love. This book was very inspirational it gives you a whole new outlook on the experience and the feelings of animals. Trying to relate with how much Roger Fouts has accomplished in his life is unbearable he has had so many experiences that have been recorded in this book. It was the type of book that was hard to put down from the beginning. In the next few pages I will discuss parts of the book that really moved me and left an impression on me. There are so many great parts it was hard to pick just a few to look into. I read this book in the first few weeks of school and re-read in the last two weeks, also I have bought a copy for my sister who is very interested in primate psychology and it has so much information and personal experience in it that it is in a way a textbook for primate psychology. Washoe was an extraordinary animal saved out of NASA by very patient and brilliant people, it was very exciting to see the advancements that she had made throughout the book. Not only her but also the few people that had have been working with her. The Gardner's the first care takers of Washoe was saved by the Gardner's had put a lot of trust into Roger and he proved to be able to accept and work with Washoe from the beginning on. Fouts, started off as a little kid knowing his only monkey to be curious George, never realizing that George was not a monkey but a chimp. Growing up on a farm Fouts was always around many animals tending and working with them. Realizing the importance of the entire animal Fouts than realized the loyalty when his dog brownie had died jumping in front of the tractor to save his fallen brother. The care for animal was in all of the family even the mother who had many old time stories to tell about animal intelligences. A life and environment changing situation had happened when Fouts was about twelve years old and the only ones still in the house out of nine children was him and another brother. Fouts parents packed up the kids and stuff and move to Los Angeles, California. Around this time in his life he was dreaming of becoming a psychologist. Fouts family had a way of not finishing school but become loyal workers, and Fouts was devoted to finishing college, the only one in his family with the intention of getting more schooling was his mother who at age 52 decided to go back to high school and finish, she to was very interest in the healing of the mind which, also was a inspiration for Fouts to pursue this career. When Fouts started his college career at Compton, his intention was to study human psychology but it was required to take animal psychology as well. The very first animal behavior he was thought that they were mindless creatures who rigid behavior, unlike that of Humans, is controlled by instinct. After much schooling Fouts applied to many clinical schools. After time and time again Fouts was denied and was pushed towards a second-tier school in experimental psychology-or rat psych, as it is affectionately known studies of animal in cages. The University of Nevada accepted Fouts in to their experimental psychology program. Time goes on and Fouts get the cal to change the rest of his life, the call was from a Dr. Paul Secord, telling Fouts "Teaching a chimpanzee to talk," with disbelief roger replied back "what", and the Dr. repeated himself. Fouts went on to take it in with full stride just trying to get his foot in the door, with his main intention of working with kids this entire time. Ready for the job Fouts had one more task into getting the job, and that task was getting through to a very strict man called Allen Gardner. Fouts had taken many courses in animal psychology and statistics. To Garner this was just garbage he didn't believe that everything was to be solved in a laboratory that animal

The Norton Introduction to Literature Essay Essay Example

The Norton Introduction to Literature Essay Essay Example The Norton Introduction to Literature Essay Paper The Norton Introduction to Literature Essay Paper â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† was written by Theodore Roethke in XXXX. Many critics believe that â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† lacks the strength of Roethke’s subsequently works like â€Å"The Lost Son† and â€Å"The North American Sequence. † However. this peculiar verse form is one of Roethke’s most good loved. read. and discussed pieces of poesy. The narrator’s equivocal relation of his father’s walk-in causes drastically different readings of the exact significance of the verse form. Many people claim that it is a stamp verse form of a positive interaction between a male parent and boy and a joyful childhood memory. While still others believe that it is a sad retelling of the maltreatment of a kid by his drunken male parent. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is a solid illustration of how poesy can be greatly influenced by the reader’s yesteryear. It was Roethke’s end to make a piece of prose which was non his alone but belong besides to the reader and his/her personal experience. He leaves the verse form unfastened for reading by the usage of several literary devices. The fraudulence of significance in â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is supported by Roethke’s usage of metre. initial rhyme. and apposition of images. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† offers such strikingly different responses from readers that frequently the proficient grace of Roethke is overlooked. This verse form is short in length it is rich in several traditional and rigorous attacks to poetry. Alliteration is when the initial sounds of words are similar and topographic point together. In line 4. â€Å"Such waltzing was non easy. † Here the repeat of the soft â€Å"w† contrasts the simile of decease used in line 3. The initial rhyme gives the feeling that the walk-in peaceable nevertheless when combined with the thought of decease. it is clear that the walk-in is â€Å"not easy† . â€Å"My mother’s visage / Could non unfrown itself† ( lines 7-8 ) has the initial rhyme of the difficult â€Å"c† sound. Compared that difficult sound to the joyful stanza it is found in. The â€Å"c† becomes a mark of cautiousness and caution. In lines 9-10. â€Å"The manus that held my wrist / Was battered on one metacarpophalangeal joint ; â€Å" the arrangement of the words manus and held together make a soft sound which contrasts the image of the â€Å"battered metacarpophalangeal joint. † The usage of initial rhyme allows the reader to construe the actions within the verse form as blithe or opprobrious. Image is another literary device used to make fraudulence of significance. The images of â€Å"dancing† together. a positive interaction. juxtaposed by the bruised brass knuckss is implicative of force. This negative reading is farther supported by the image of the male parent keeping non the son’s manus but his carpus. This is a much more aggressive act than manus keeping and gives the feeling that possibly the kid is being forced to dance. In lines 13-14. â€Å"You all in clip on my caput / With a thenar caked hard by soil. † is one time once more an image of force. It is obvious that the storyteller could intend â€Å"keep time† alternatively of â€Å"beat time† . In which instance. the image suggest a male parent playing the membranophones lightly on his son’s caput. However. the debut of the word â€Å"beat† creates a unsmooth tone to the lines and mentions in sound the word â€Å"battered â€Å" from line 10. Meter allows the reader a pick of what the verse form genuinely means. The true accomplishment of Rothke’s metre is frequently missed if â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is non read out loud. Roethke uses forms of syllables to parallel the existent motion of the walk-in. For illustration in line 1-2. â€Å"The whisky on your breath / Could do a little male child dizzy ; † but should be read with the following emphasizes â€Å"The whisky on your breath / Could do a little male child dizzy† . The metre continues as above and rime strategy traditionally known as iambic trimeter. However. in line 11. mid manner through the verse form and go oning throughout the remainder of the verse form the metre is somewhat different from the walk-in. Roethke here is seeking to mirror the visual aspect of a rummy adult male seeking to make the walk-in. In line 14. there is a complete interruption in the beat of the verse form because there is an excess syllable. The word â€Å"hard† is non necessary at all. Remove hard from the line. and it still makes sense. The break of metre which mirrors the units of three that compose the walk-in draws attending to that line. The reader must oppugn why is the writer giving that line particular attending. One decision is that the verse form is non about a boy dancing with his tipsy male parent but with a kid digesting regular physical maltreatment. Another point of view is that it represents another cockamamie trip by the male parent that the boy enjoys. Through the usage of several literary devices Roethke creates a piece of poesy which is technically perfect and thematically equivocal. Alliteration was used to make double significance by partner offing soft sounds with rough images. Images of stamp minutes between male parent and boy were juxtaposed with violently aggressive words. The verse form parallels the existent stairss of the walk-in which contrasts striking with the thick actions of a rummy male parent. With the usage of initial rhyme. images. and metre. Roethke allows the poesy to be ill-defined which forces the reader to do up his ain head about the content and subject of the verse form. One of the ends of modern literature and hence modern writers was non to simply depict their environments or their emotions. But to animate. evoke. and allure the reader. Roethke’s wanted to non merely make his audience but include his audience in the creative activity of the poesy. Surely. by composing â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† which offers double significance. he allows for all his readers to derive a different apprehension of his authorship. He effects readers with a great childhood by composing a verse form which is lighthearted and nostalgic for their younger old ages. He besides effects readers who have some signifier of maltreatment in their childhood’s by guaranting them by the retelling of his narrative that they are non entirely in their experiences. The most of import influence of â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is it’s ability to excite conversation and argument between different readers. It is in the absence of pick by the writer that allows the freedom of pick for the audience. Roethke’s breathes new life into the oldest subject in literature – visual aspect versus world. In life really few things are of all time as they appear. Peoples. relationships. and memory are multi-layered and highly complicated. Possibly Roethke’s true purpose was to make a piece of composing which explores the equivocal nature of memory and suggests that retrieving is neither good or bad and but a simple combination of both. Plants Cited Roethke. Theodore. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz. † The Norton Introduction to Literature. 6th erectile dysfunction. Ed. Carl E. Bain. et al. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. 1995. 769.

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A motivation letter or an essay is a very challenging assignment, as it may play an important part in your future and career. With its help, you can express yourself and show that you are a perfect candidate for a particular internship or position. There may be tens or even hundreds of applicants for the same program and the committee should want to see why you differ from the rest only by reading your CV and motivation letter. It should be not only catchy and intriguing but also show your skills, knowledge and aspirations, hiding all the possible imperfections. Some students may also be asked to complete such a letter after finishing their internship, which can be even more challenging than the one you write at the beginning. Such a personal statement should cover the whole time of you being an intern, your personal and academic achievements and much more. Topics, which you can discuss, may include: Describe a situation, where you played the leading part and managed to solve it successfully; Express how a particular program corresponds with your personal and academic goals; What skills, classes or experience make you the best candidate for the internship? It doesn’t matter what type of a topic you need to discuss, as they all centered around your personality and achievements, which will contribute to the internship and college you are applying to. Helpful tips If you stress out about completing a motivation letter, don’t worry too much and consider it a regular application essay. All you need to do is to give the committee a reason to select you and see that you have qualifications and personal achievements, necessary for the program. Here are a few tips, which will make your motivation essay perfect: Start your letter with a hook. It can be a sentence or even a paragraph, which will catch attention of the reader. The committee should be intrigued and want to learn more about you. Imagine how many essays they are going to read, so try to be interesting and different. You can start with examples, interesting facts or personal achievements, related to the subject; You should not only concentrate on the things, which you will obtain while being an intern but also on the things, which can be useful for the college. Try to explain why choosing you would be a great benefit for the college, university or company; As any other essay, your letter should have a thesis statement. It is very important, as it gives direction for your letter and gives the reader a chance to see what you stand on. Try to compose a sentence or two, describing the key features you possess and the main reasons, which motivated you to apply to the particular internship; Don’t rewrite your CV. You will attach it to your application, so there is no need to mention the same things over and over again. You should better demonstrate your motivation, potential and reasoning, instead of listing brief and boring facts of your bio; Try to avoid common phrases. There are many words, which most of the students use and which already have no value for the reader. For example, ‘I am a motivated team-player’ or ‘I want to gain experience in the field of interest’. It is better to describe more concrete qualities and skills you want to learn from the program; Be serious about the internship. Even if it is a part time program, which doesn’t have any fees, you need to be respectful and prove that you will take it seriously. A great advice is to take it as your job and consider an important step towards your future career; Don’t neglect guidelines. We understand how tempting it may be to show your creativity, trying to stand out from the rest. However, this doesn’t work with formatting and you need to stick to all the requirements about margins, fonts, spacing and so on. Don’t forget about the proper size of the paper. If else is not indicated, it is usually not more than 500 words long.

Organizational Culture and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Organizational Culture and Ethics - Essay Example Critically evaluate this case in the context of the organization’s culture. How were Enron's business ethics and business operations influenced by the organization’s culture? Specifically, what went wrong? The company, i.e. Enron, experienced a sharp decline which ultimately resulted in its collapse. Senior executives of Enron, namely Kenneth Lay, Jeffrey Skilling and Andrew Fastow, were repeatedly found to appear in the cover story of various business magazines. Kenneth Lay was the earliest Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Enron who was quite well known for introducing an effective innovative structure in Enron, which helped it to survive in the initial years (Scribd Inc., 2012). The visitors entering the head office of the company situated at Smith Street in downtown Houston often were attracted by a striking poster in front of the office. The banner related to the company’s R.I.C.E principle, i.e. Respect, Integrity, Communication and Excellence. It was often believed by the visitors that the principles of the company reflected its corporate culture. However, in reality Enron hardly shared any association with the stated principles. In 1985, Enron was formed by the merger of two natural gas companies situated in Houston. This union was mainly debt-financed, which implies that Enron initiated its corporate life with a large amount of debt. Therefore, from the beginning, Enron was considered as a company which exemplified high risk. Enron operated under high business risks which were mainly encountered from the highly competitive and deregulated natural gas market. Subsequently, the company also witnessed a high financial risk owing to the merger which was persuaded by heavy debt loads (Macmillan, 2005). The business functions of Enron were operated by freshly hired business management graduates from the leading business schools of the United States. These skilled employees promised the company instant earning of profits as well as carried out the business under advanced form of operations. The Performance Review Committee (PRC) developed and sustained Enron’s corporate culture (Scribd Inc., 2012). Enron Corporation was a leading American energy company situated in Houston, Texas. The company operated with 21,000 workers and was one of the largest international providers of natural gas, electricity, pulp & paper along with communication. Enron performed quite well in the market and earned $110.9 million in 2000. The company enjoyed a high value or price for its shares along with gaining an effective position in the market. The various workers and staff of the company were quite satisfied and it was also found that qualified and skilled individuals preferred to work with Enron. Enron earned a higher degree of success which further gave rise to grave issues within the organizational operations. Enron made the decision of transforming their organizational structure by recruiting new employees in the higher positi ons, who were entitled to make big decisions regarding the company’s business operations, which entailed the chances of directly